MAPA: Multidisciplinary Analysis of the PrecArious work – legal, economic, social and health protection aspects

Projekt na UP FM le do 31.12.2018.

Preučevanje prekarnega dela je tesno povezano z vprašanjem atipičnih (nestandardnih) oblik dela in njihovih negativnih posledic na delovanje trga dela, posameznika in družbo v celoti. Atipične (nestandardne) oblike dela obsegajo raznolike pojavne oblike dela in zaposlitve, ki v enem ali več elementih (npr. glede trajanja, delovnega časa, prostora, pogodbenih strank, subordiniranosti idr.), odstopajo oz. se razlikujejo od tradicionalnega modela standardnega delovnega razmerja (standard employment relationship, SER). Čeprav velika večina delavcev v Sloveniji in EU še vedno dela v okviru standardnega delovnega razmerja, pa atipične oblike dela hitro naraščajo. Od devetdesetih let dalje je EU sledila politiki dvojnega pristopa “liberalizacija/varstvo” v zvezi s spodbujanjem raznolikosti zaposlitvenih oblik, kot so zaposlitev za določen ali krajši delovni čas in agencijsko delo; ta politika predpostavlja, prvič, da so alternative standardnemu delovnemu razmerju legalne in legitimne, in drugič, da je standardna zaposlitev kot taka legalna in si zasluži določeno varstvo, še več, standardna zaposlitev je določena kot norma ali merilo, s katero je treba primerjati druge oblike dela pri implementaciji načela enakega obravnavanja (Deakin Simon, 2016. New Forms of Employment: Implications for EU Law – The law as It Stands, v: Blanpain Roger & Hendrickx (ed.): New Forms of Employment in Europe. Kluwer Law International, p. 43-53).
 
Prekarno delo ima v javni diskusiji negativno konotacijo. Stroka vidi glavni problem v tveganju, da bo z naraščanjem atipičnih oblik dela, ki ne bodo ustrezno pravno regulirane v smislu uravnoteženja prožnosti za delodajalce in varnosti za delavce (model prožne varnosti), vedno večje število oseb, ki si sredstva za preživljanje pridobivajo z odvisnim delom, postalo prekarnih in ostalo zunaj ščita delovnega in socialnega prava, to pa pomeni zunaj veljavnih standardov, ki zagotavljajo posamezniku dostojno delo in življenje. Takšna preureditev sfere dela pa ne bi bila združljiva s pojmom sodobne pravne in socialne države, utemeljene na spoštovanju človekovega dostojanstva in temeljnih pravic, kot to izhaja tudi iz 2. člena slovenske ustave in vseh najpomembnejših mednarodnih dokumentov s področja človekovih pravic. Številne domače in tuje raziskave že vse od začetka uvajanja atipičnih oblik dela opozarjajo na njegove negativne posledice in nevarnost tveganja za prekarnost. Kresal poudarja, da fleksibilne oblike zaposlitve delavce postavljajo v bolj negotov, prekaren položaj, s slabšimi delovnimi in socialnimi razmerami in da gre za problem segmentacije trga dela, ki ustvarja razlikovanje med t. i. vključenimi in izključenimi delavci (Kresal B., 2011. Fleksibilne ali prekarne oblike zaposlitve, Delavci in Delodajalci 2-3/2011, str. 169 – 183). Kanjuo Mrčela poudarja, da so deset let nazaj analize razmer na trgu dela opozarjale na naraščajočo prožnost dela in zaposlovanja ter potrebo po uresničevanju koncepta prožne varnosti, novejše analize pa nakazujejo, da so spremembe potekale v nasprotni smeri – vse manj delavcev ima perspektivo varne prožnosti dela, medtem ko je za večino, še posebej mlade, značilna vse večja prekarnost (Kanjuo Mrčela, Ignjatovič, 2015, Od prožnosti do prekarnosti dela: stopnjevanje negativnih sprememb na začetku 21. Stoletja, Teorija in praksa let. 52, 3/2015). Drugo pomembno vprašanje je presoja atipičnih oblik dela z vidika učinkov, ki jih imajo na različne kategorije delavcev, zlasti na tiste bolj ranljive. Kresal poudarja, da bi morale rešitve spodbujati enake možnosti in enako obravnavo delavcev, neodvisno od njihovih osebnih okoliščin, medtem ko podatki kažejo, da med delavci v prožnih oblikah dela prevladujejo tisti, ki pripadajo ranljivejši skupini prebivalstva, kar povezuje to vprašanje z diskriminacijo na trgu dela (Kresal B., 2011). Projekt MAPA naslavlja diskusijo, da ni vsako atipično delo že kot tako prekarno, niti ni zadosten ukrep proti prekarnosti zgolj enostavna razširitev.

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Projekt MAPA: Multidisciplinarna analiza prekarnega dela:
pravni, ekonomski, socialni in zdravstveno varstveni vidiki št. V5-1741
sofinancirata Javna agencija za znanstvenoraziskovalno dejavnost Republike
Slovenije (ARIS) in Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve iz
državnega proračuna v višini 120.00,00 EUR.

The examination of precarious work is closely related to the issues of the atypical (non-standard) forms of work and their negative consequences for the functioning of the labour market, the individual and society. Atypical (non-standard) work consists of numerous diverse forms of work which differ in one or more features (regarding duration, working time, place, contracting parties, etc.) from the traditional model of the standard employment relationship (SER), which is entered into based on a contract of employment, stipulated between the employee and the employer with open-ended (permanent) and full-time arrangements. Though a significant majority of workers in Slovenia and EU still work under an SER, non-standard work is growing fast. Since the 1990s the EU has followed a dual approach of liberalisation/protection in its policy of encouraging diversity in employment contracting (for instance for part-time or fixed term employment or agency work); the policy presupposes, first, that alternatives to the SER are valid and legitimate, and second, that the SER is itself a valid form and merits some protection, even more, the SER is set up as the norm, or benchmark, against which other forms are to be compared when implementing the principle of equal treatment (Deakin Simon, 2016. New Forms of Employment: Implications for EU Law – The law as It Stands, Blanpain Roger & Hendrickx (ed.): New Forms of Employment in Europe. Kluwer Law International, p. 43-53). The precarious work has a negative connotation. Numerous Slovenian and foreign studies have warned against the negative consequences since the beginning of the implementation of the atypical forms of work. Kresal emphasis that so called flexible forms of employment put employees in a more precarious situation, with less favourable labour and social conditions and that it is the problem of a segmentation of the labour market, which creates the distinction between the so-called insider-workers and outsider-workers (Kresal B., 2011a). Kanjuo Mrčela stresses that ten year ago the analyses of the situation on the labour market notified the increasing flexibility of labour and employment and the need of flexicurity, but recent analyses suggest that changes in the last decade went in the opposite direction – fewer workers have perspective of flexicurity, while for most, and especially the youth working lives are characterized by an increasing precariousness (Kanjuo Mrčela, Ignjatovič, 2015.). Another important issue is to assess the atypical forms of work from the aspect of the effects they have on different categories of workers, especially the more vulnerable ones. Kresal stresses that solutions should encourage equal opportunities and equal treatment of employees, regardless of their personal circumstances, however, the data suggest that the ‘flexibly employed workers’ are predominantly those who belong to the vulnerable groups of population, which connects this issue to discrimination on the labour market. The project challenges the discussion that not all non-standard work is inherently precarious and that simply extending one or two features from standard work to precarious work is not a sufficient remedy for precarious, because precariousness is much more complex problem.

The project MAPA is therefore focused on reducing the negative consequences of the precariousness and also the segmentation of the labour market, and on providing decent work for all workers. General objectives of the MAPA:

– gaining comprehensive insight of the precariousness in Slovenia, through the exact findings of the extent, characteristics and the comparison with other EU member states,

– developing measures against precariousness on the basis of the comprehensive multidisciplinary study.

Specific objectives:

– incentive for research and multidisciplinary approach in this area

– greater awareness on decent work and the negative consequences of the precarious work among decisions-maker.

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The MAPA
project—”Multidisciplinary Analysis of the PrecArious work – legal, economic, social and health protection aspects” (No. V5-1741)—is co-financed by the Slovenian
Research Agency (ARIS) and the Ministry of Labour, Family and
Social Affairs from the state budget, in the amount of €120,000.00.